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اعرف ان النص طويل لا مانع من ترجمة جزء منه فقط Analysing jobs is central to the people management process. Establishing and defining jobs correctly is the starting point for not just the recruitment process; it plays a major part in the way employees are managed and motivated, becoming the basis for the performance management process (see Chapter 8); it helps to establish how employee’s training needs are analysed (see Chapter 10) and has a major input into the design of pay systems, especially the comparison of one employee’s pay with another (see Chapter 9). Job analysis can take place in a number of situations, all of which are associated with organisational change. In the event of a merger or takeover, uncommon for an analysis of some of the critical jobs to be commissioned it is not to see if changes need to be made in the light of the new business imperatives. This may result in the work being re-designed, often with fewer employees. When a major expansion takes place and many more staff are required for one or two posts, job analysis may take place to correctly define the posts for recruitment purposes or to re-design them so there is greater efficiency. A third situation is when redundancies are necessary and jobs may be analysed in terms of workload and purpose. Business process engineering, where organisations closely examined every activity and process within the process, taking out those which did not add value, was very common in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and used job analysis extensively. The size of the organisation can influence the process of job analysis. In large organisation, where hundreds of recruits are sought each year, such as in defence or banking, it is worth undertaking rigorous job analyses as the consequences of selection mistakes can be very costly to the organisation. For example, employing an unsuitable candidate in a control room of a nuclear power station could result in millions of pounds worth of damage. Similarly, as recruiting and training a police officer can cost £100,000, it is vital to get the job design right and match this with the recruitment processes and methods so fewer trainees leave before their training is completed (Cooper et al., 2003). An important element to remember, although it gets very blurred in practice, is that the aim of job analysis is to analyse the job, not the performance of the employee carrying out the job. How to carry out job analysis The analysis starts with a definition of what information needs to be gathered. This can include the instructions given as to how to carry out the work, the processes that lead to the job holder’s actions (communications, flow of work, etc.) the nature of the mental and physical processes required, the degree of flexibility in the work itself and in the employee’s thought patterns, the targets and required outcomes, the relationships with other employees – superiors, peers and subordinates – and the general terms and conditions attached to the work. The next stage is to decide on the format for collecting the information required. For a full de************ion of this topic, see Taylor (2002) but here is a summary of a number of ways that this can be done: ■ Asking employees to complete a questionnaire. This can be designed by the organisation, with or without the help of specialist consultancy services, or there are a number of standard questionnaires available on the market. The questionnaire needs to be able to be readily computerised from which job de************ions and person specifications can be readily drawn. The advantage of using this system is that the questions are standard and, if tested properly, will be user friendly. The difficulty is that filling in questionnaires about their job is not always a favourite pastime of employees and they may choose to exaggerate the importance of some aspects of their work. ■ Asking employees to keep work diaries. This method, if carried out properly, will get a very accurate picture of what actually happens over an extended period, say a week or month. However, many employees will be generally reluctant to carry out such a demand and those that do it properly may not be typical. Again, it is possible to build up the job beyond its actual importance. ■ Observe the employee. A realistic picture can certainly be drawn up using this method. However, a one-to-one observation is very expensive and time consuming, and may need to be spread over a period of time for it to be representative. It would not be very appropriate for work in accounting offices, where there is a monthly cycle, an annual cycle and often a quarterly cycle as well. It may well be that employees behave differently when they know they are being observed but this may have less truth these days following so many ‘fly on the wall’ television programmes. Even in today’s more compliant workplace, it is unlikely (and unethical) to consider using video recorders for this purpose. ■ Interview the employee. Sometimes carried out in groups, this provides the opportunity to get the full picture of the post by using probing, clarifying and reinforcing questions. With a group of employees, it may be possible to obtain a more consistent all-round picture, especially in the areas of responsibility and decision taking. Through interviewing, two specific techniques can be used to produce an outcome. The first is the repertory grid technique where, through questioning, a grid is constructed of the tasks carried out and the skills and competencies required to carry out those tasks, scored from, say, one to five. This is of considerable assistance in producing an accurate person specification. The second technique is that of drawing out a set of critical incidents to examine which parts of the job are crucial to its success or failure. Starting from a study of key job objectives, the employee is asked to set out anecdotal incidents which resulted in achieving or not achieving those objectives and the part they played in these incidents. This process assists in being able to draw up the skills required to be successful in the job. لـ حفظ الموضوع والإستفاده منه إستخدمى هذا الرابط
: ممكن مساعدة فى ترجمة نص ؟ http://forum.sedty.com/t223295.html التعديل الأخير تم بواسطة سمسمة_5 ; 12-29-2009 الساعة 11:09 PM. | ||
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